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濾波器設計

雙二次濾波器、波特圖同 C 語言程式碼。

LOCAL CALCULATION · RUNS IN THE BROWSER

Filter typeSample rate fs [Hz]Corner / centre frequency f0 [Hz]OrderQuality factor QFixed-point fraction bitsProbe frequency [Hz]

✓ Stable: all poles inside the unit circle

Floating pointQuantized Q14

× poles○ zeros

|H(2kHz)|: -12.37 dB
∠H(2kHz): -136.9°
Section: 1
max |pole|: 0.911594

Section	b0	b1	b2	a1	a2
1	0.0039161235	0.007832247	0.0039161235	-1.8153396	0.83100411
1 · Q14	64	128	64	-29743	13615

/* Low-pass Q 0.7071, f0 1kHz, fs = 48000 Hz. Generated by Rootcastle LAB; verify against your own requirements. */
typedef struct { float b0, b1, b2, a1, a2; float z1, z2; } biquad_t;
static biquad_t stages[1] = {
  { 0.003916123487f, 0.007832246974f, 0.003916123487f, -1.815339612f, 0.8310041056f },
};
float filter_step(float x) {
  for (int i = 0; i < 1; i++) {
    biquad_t *s = &stages[i];
    float y = s->b0 * x + s->z1;
    s->z1 = s->b1 * x - s->a1 * y + s->z2;
    s->z2 = s->b2 * x - s->a2 * y;
    x = y;
  }
  return x;
}

Model and assumptions

Second-order IIR (biquad) sections are designed with the bilinear transform using R. Bristow-Johnson’s “Audio EQ Cookbook” formulas. As the corner approaches fs/2, frequency warping increases the deviation from the analog prototype. 4th- and 6th-order low/high-pass filters are cascaded with Butterworth Q values (the Q input is then unused). Fixed-point results show coefficient quantization only; accumulator overflow, rounding noise and limit cycles must be tested separately.

ω0 = 2π·f0/fs; α = sin ω0 / 2Q; H(z) = (b0 + b1·z⁻¹ + b2·z⁻²) / (1 + a1·z⁻¹ + a2·z⁻²)

它是用於什麼

雙二階濾波器是從感應器信號中移除市電雜訊（50/60 Hz 陷波）、分離振動頻帶或抑制控制迴路噪聲最常見的構建模塊。在此處嘗試設計，同時查看幅值與相位，然後在自有硬件上驗證係數與 C 代碼。

限制

相位滯後會降低控制迴路的穩定裕度；在將濾波器放入迴路前，請重新計算相位裕度。在定點運算中，係數量化會在低 f0/fs 比率時將極點推向單位圓；累加器寬度和溢出行為必須單獨測試。它不能替代模擬抗混疊濾波器：必須在 ADC 之前防止混疊。

參考文獻

R. Bristow-Johnson, “Cookbook formulae for audio EQ biquad filter coefficients” (W3C Audio EQ Cookbook) · A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd ed., ch. 6–7 · S. Butterworth, “On the Theory of Filter Amplifiers”, 1930

教育模型。結果不足以診斷機器或確定安全運作極限。

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